Sex Education in Schools Abstinence-Only Programs Essay

Sex Education in Schools: Abstinence-Only Programs Teenage sexual activity is a major problem confronting the nation and has led to a rising incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and teenage pregnancy. The existence of HIV/AIDS has given a sense of urgency to the topic of sex education. The issue of sex education in schools especially in the formative years has been a subject of intense debate among parents, school officials, health scientists and religious authorities worldwide for a considerable period of time. The debate centers on comprehensive sex education versus abstinence-only sex education in school. Abstinence only sex education is a sex education model that focuses on the virtue of abstinence from sexual†¦show more content†¦Abstinence only program is the only approach that can contain the spread of HIV/AIDS, that instill moral values by discouraging fornication, that discourages the use of birth controls like condoms and that is widely accepted by parents. Why is abstinence only sex education t he best? In this era of HIV/AIDS, this is the best program that can be used to contain the spread of this menace (Deborah 5). In July 2005, a report from the Population Research Institute’s Weekly Briefing confirms the effectiveness of abstinence only program in combating AIDS in the Philippines: And the bill mandating the two-child policy includes sex education for Filipino children, even though abstinence-based efforts in the Philippines have been remarkably effective in containing the spread of AIDS†¦. The Filipino abstinence-based approach†¦has kept the Philippines relatively free of HIV infection. The adult HIV infection rate was a mere 0.1% in 2001, though the Philippines have a low condom use rate. Even Arroyo [the governor] ascribed this success to â€Å"good morality.† Yet results dont matter: The bill adopts the comprehensive sex approach that has failed everywhere (Miller). The same abstinence only model has worked in East African country of Uganda where evident drop in rates of HIV infection have been achieved. Uganda leads in Africa when it comes to infection rates, having dropped from 18% to 6% due to the consistentShow MoreRelatedShould Sex Education Be Mandatory?1364 Words   |  6 Pagesdebate whether young adults should receive sex education in their school curriculum. Statistics show that one-third of girls become pregnant before the age of 20. An increase in teen pregnancy could be due to the age of which females reach puberty. Today, there has been an enormous increase in young girls reaching puberty before the age of seven. Could encouraging sex education in schools decrease the amount of pregnant teens? The purpose of sex education is to educate adolescents of the consequencesRead MoreAbstinence Only Programs For Public Schools1383 Words   |  6 Pagesadvocatesforyouth.org, â€Å"abstinence only education teaches students to abstain from sex prior to marriage.† These program has been proven to be ineffective. Abstinence only education is ineffective because it is not conducive in reducing teen pregnancy rates and sexually transmitted diseases rates. Abstinence only programs are less likely to teach students about birth control and contraception and how to access it. These programs ha s not been shown to reduce teen sexual activity. Abstinence only programs became moreRead MoreComprehensive, the Right Approach to Sex Education989 Words   |  4 PagesComprehensive, the Right Approach to Sex Education Since the first sex education video, Human Growth was shown in public schools in the 1940s, sex education in school has remained a controversial subject (Bellafante 9.1). In the present however, it is no longer disputed whether or not sex-ed should be taught, but what should be taught in a sex education program. Conservatives and Liberals both agree that sex education in public schools is important but, their views on what should be taughtRead MoreAbstinence-only vs. Abstinence-plus1607 Words   |  7 Pagesare many problems facing teenagers these days. None are bigger than the issue of underage sex, and all the issues stemming from it. The number of teenagers becoming sexually active, pregnant, and contracting sexually transmitted diseases are rapidly on the rise. There is no simple fix, or easy solution to this problem. Sex education should begin at home, and extend to include an effective program in schools that reinforce a clear message of abstaining from sexual activity in addition to informingRead MoreThe Reality Of Abstinence Versus Sex Education1224 Words   |  5 Pages10 April 2017 The Reality of Abstinence Versus Sex Education Do you ever stop to wonder what goes through a teen’s mind? Maybe it s the late paper that wasn t turned in for English or the worry of coming home after school to family members being high as a kite, maybe it s the plans for their significant other later on or the so called special night they have planned together. Whether it be one of the topics mentioned or some far off random thought either way sex will be on a teen’s mind at someRead More Sex Education Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesSex Education Two drastic Emergency Room cases were handled in 1998 at Mary Washington Hospital. Concerned mothers brought their 12 year old daughters into the hospital thinking they were suffering from severe stomach pain or even appendicitis†¦both girls were actually in labor (Abstinence, 2002). The United States has the highest teen pregnancy, birth, and abortion rates in the Western world (Planned Parenthood, 2003). Are teens getting enough knowledge on sex and how to prevent STDs and unwantedRead MoreTeenage Pregnancies And Std Contraction1342 Words   |  6 Pagesin rates of teenage pregnancies and STD contraction. What is it about the US and its approach to sexual education that produces such numbers amongst its youth? The prevailing sexuality education system in the US is abstinence-only sex education programs. Abstinence-only-until-marriage education in schools is highly destructive to its students in multiple ways. Abstinence-only sexuality education does more harm to students than good, and is shown to have adverse effects on its students. The CDC YouthRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesalways affected the essence and teaching of sex education in the United States in different ways. Various sexual education methods exits, however comprehensive and abstinence-only programs are the most commonly know in public schools. Although many schools in the United States prefer to give an abstinence-only lecture, the results shown proof that these programs are ineffective because it simply does not fit the reality we live in, comprehensive sex education works better, and they do not offer honestRead More Education Is Key: A Comprehensive Approach to Sex Education Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesSex education is about informing students about sex so that they can make educated decisions when the time comes to have sex. Sex education helps students protect themselve s from unintended pregnancies, STDs, and HIV/AIDS. Students should leave a sex education course with the right tools so they make informed decisions about their sexual health and well-being. The goal of sex education is to provide a student with as much information as possible so that they can use the skills they learned inRead MoreSex Education And The Early 19th Century1204 Words   |  5 PagesSex education is instruction on issues relating to human sexuality, including emotional relations and responsibilities, human sexual anatomy, sexual activity, sexual reproduction, age of consent, reproductive health, reproductive rights, safe sex, birth control, and abstinence. Sex education that covers all of these aspects is known as comprehensive sex education as opposed to the abstinence only education that only promotes abstinence. Common avenues for sex education are parents or caregivers,

Twelfth Night Theme Essay - Love as the Cause of Suffering

Love as the Cause of Suffering In William Shakespeare’s play Twelfth Night, love as the cause of suffering is one of the most prominent theme of the story. Even though this play ends in love and wedded bliss, Shakespeare also shows us that love can also cause pain. The characters often view love as a curse, something that is thrust upon you and you cannot easily or willing escape. Examples include Malvolio’s love for Olivia, the love triangle between Olivia, Duke Orsino, and Viola as Cesario, and Antonio’s crush on Sebastian. There are countless occasions where unrequited love for another results in heartbreak and sorrow. Malvolio is a social climber, he feels that if Olivia would love him his status would be higher. But because of†¦show more content†¦It stands as Olivia loves Cesario/Viola, who loves Duke Orsino who loves Olivia. Each character suffers in sorrow as they cannot have who they desire, because of status, gender or love for another. Antonio rescues Sebastian after the shipwreck that separated him from his twin, Viola. Antonio immediately takes a liking to Sebastian and helps get back on his feet. Sebastian heads to Duke Orsino’s court to look for work, Antonio offers to help but Sebastian has to decline as Antonio is a wanted man and accompanying him on his journey would put him at risk. â€Å"But, come what may, I do adore thee so, / the danger shall seem sport, and I will go.† (2.1.43-44) Antonio follows him anyways and ends up encountering Viola dressed as Cesario in the middle of a fight with Sir Andrew. Because Antonio thinks Cesario is Sebastian, he steps in to defend him, out of his love. Viola is confused because she’s never met Antonio before. But, Sir Toby and Sir Andrew recognize him as the wanted criminal that he is and turn him in to the authorities. Although Antonio is ultimately released he still ends up heartbroken as Sebastian ends up married to Olivia. In conclusion, Shakespeare shows us that love has two faces. One face shows us that love can be beautiful and can bring happiness, the other shows a darker and more painful side where love can be heartbreaking and mournful.Show MoreRelatedShakespeares View on Love Essay1971 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s View on Love Shakespeare’s plays are very drastic with how he ties love into them. Shakespeare always adds comedy or tragedy to any romance that might be taking place. For example in Twelfth Night, As You like It and Romeo and Juliet there is romance but he also puts comedy in there so love is not that easy. In the play Othello he makes it into a tragedy which makes the love even harder to take place. Shakespeare has always found a way to make love as complicated as he can whichRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 Pagesseries. Finally, the findings of the discourse analysis will form the basis for a careful interpretation of the television series’ production purposes. 2. Theory This thesis will contain several terms and statements that, without explanation, might cause confusion or opposition. Therefore, it is necessary to first discuss some relevant theoretical frameworks and their implications for this thesis. This chapter discusses and explains the concepts of discourse theory, Confucianism, behavioral ideologyRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 PagesCataloging in PublicationData Burke, James, 1936The impact of science on society. (NASA SP ; 482) Series of lectures given at a public lecture series sponsored by NASA and the College of William and Mary in 1983. 1 . Science-Social aspects-Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Bergman, Jules. 11. Asimov, Isaac, 1920. 111. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. IV.College of William and Mary. V. Title. VI. Series. Q175.55.B88 1985 303.4’83 84-1 4 1 59 For sale by the Superintendent ofRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 PagesCataloging in PublicationData Burke, James, 1936The impact of science on society. (NASA SP ; 482) Series of lectures given at a public lecture series sponsored by NASA and the College of William and Mary in 1983. 1 . Science-Social aspects-Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Bergman, Jules. 11. Asimov, Isaac, 1920. 111. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. IV.College of William and Mary. V. Title. VI. Series. Q175.55.B88 1985 303.4’83 84-1 4 1 59 For sale by the SuperintendentRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagescould most profitably be continued. This work re-emphasizes the complex phonology of the southern Igbo dialects, already brought to light in the work of Carnochan (1948), Swift and others (1962), and Green and Igwe (1963) It will be seen that a common theme running through much of the work here surveyed is a pre-occupation with the dialect problem. Only the work of Abraham and Welmers and Welmers attempts to deal with an unqualified Igbo. Of the other works, it is clear that a great deal of OnitshaRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesand enhancements. The vice presidents for marketing and engineering reluctantly agreed to try and patch up their differences, but did not appear confident that any changes would take place. Strange as it may seem, nobody could identify the initial cause of the conflicts or how the trouble actually began. Senior management hired an externa l consultant to identify the problems, provide recommendations and alternatives, and act as a mediator. The consultant s process would have to begin with interviews

Examining Mediating Role of Engagement †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Examining Mediating Role of Engagement. Answer: Introduction This report will mainly focus on the HR role on the first hospital that has been facing problems. According to the case study given how a company can fall due to lack of HRM. Further this report presents with advice that is given to the CEO of the first hospital. The report will suggest an action to the CEO for the hospital in order to improve the Human Resource Management at that particular hospital. Further it will give the key features of the HR role building a sustainable HR capability, i.e. how will it build a proper idea or plan to make a sustainable HR capability, it will explain the steps that an HR has to take to give a strategic outlet and how will it deal with both its inner and external problems as the second hospital is going well due to its HR policies. In order to improve the condition of the first hospital as mentioned in the case study, a lot step is there which the CEO should take immediately. The CEO of a hospital at first have to understand that the work of the HR has to be done by a professional HR and no manager or the CEO himself can handle it. The CEO should understand that the hospital is going down just because of its lose HR policies. The CEO should now consider appointing a HRM. It is not the job of the finance manager and the CEO himself to work as a HRM. It is but obvious that the middle manager will have no knowledge about HRM as HRM is a different course of work, which includes a lot of rules. The CEO first should understand and differentiate between the courses of work each post has. Just like a doctor cannot work if he is given to build a bridge, as it is the task of an engineer, similarly, HRM has various key factors that affect a heath care practices in a good way. Hospitals need much more attention of the huma n resource management as it requires more efficient staffs and a proper plan to move ahead. The CEO have to make sure that in order to improve the quality of the hospital he has to take help from the HRM to manage the functions of the hospital, to make sure that the staffs are working efficiently, to handle the quality care that has been given to the patients. Importance of HRM The HRM helps to budget elements; they take care of the health system input and look after the expenditure categories as well (Townsend, Lawrence Wilkinson, 2013). The human resource management has the vital role to play in the field of management, especially in hospitals where the customers as in the patients might face inconvenience because of the performance of the staffs and incapability of the management to perform better. Therefore based on the case study, it is to be suggested that the main and primary job of the human resource management is to analyze the job see the threats of the organization and manage the work force utility and measurement and appraisal of work force. To improve the hospital the CEO should take help from the HRM to strategize the development of the hospital and see what equipments and measures other hospitals are taking and work according to that the Human Resource Management should take its decision. The CEO should understand that the lack of knowledge about the HRM (Human Resource Management) in a hospital can affect the development strategy in the health care sector of any country. According to the CEO of the hospital the company is in good hand but however by seeing the consequent challenges that hospital is facing the CEO has to make changes to improve the condition and the first step after appointing the HR team is to make sure that the human resource management team has the proper knowledge about the HR function. The CEO has to understand that the role of HRM is very important as they are responsible for the recruitment of the staffs, training them, assessing them, attraction and even rewarding the employees as well as seeing organizational leadership. In the first hospital as per the case study, the hospital needs much more guidance of HRM in order to discipline the hospital and make a system more effective (Wagner III Hollenbeck, 2014). A properly trained and confident HRM is required to manage the institutions. (Renwick, Redman Maguire, 2013) The function of Human Resource Management should include all the area of management such as financial management, marketing management and production management. The functions of the HRM are done by the HR managers to fulfill the objectives and goals of the organization and not middle manager. The HR work is basically divided into two sections, the operative functions and the managerial functions, which needs regular attention and not once a week attention. The basic functions are the managerial functions which are performed by thee HR managers as the HR heads of their own department, (Baluch, Salge Piening, 2013). In a hospital both the managerial functions and operative functions are very important, but operative functions are done exclusively by the HR managers. In a hospital the operative functions need to be handled more carefully as a lot of the performance of the hospital depends on it. Therefore the CEO should have very strong human resource manageme nt (Noe et al., 2014) As their work includes, job analysis and job design, selection and recruitment, health care opportunities, distribution of employee benefits, negotiations with organized labor, employee inspiration, employee termination, determination of emerging in the future trends of health care and strategic planning (Hlsheger et al., 2013). The CEO has to understand and thereafter improvise all this advice in his hospital to win over the challenges it is facing. Key Features of HR The key feature of an HR is to manage the people of the organization in order to increase competitive advantage. According to the case study it is important to keep an adequate HR department. The main significance of the evolution of HR is the growth of its character from personal management to include organization effectiveness and growth. The organizational capabilities are very important and it is known as Elusive Assets (Renwick, Redman, Maguire, 2013). It is consisting of products such a s financial service, software. The organizational capabilities like leadership, like-mindedness, connection with the customers are very important in an organization. The change in the nature of the HR role is changing rapidly and dynamically, there work has become far more intense than just recruiting people and maintaining the rules and regulations. (Sheehan et al., 2014) The HR is now becoming the back bone of a company. The approach of Human Resource Management has developed and the word sus tainability is dealt with semantic difficulties just like conceptualizing its relation with HRM. Therefore the main key feature is to increase the focus on sustainability, as it helps to meet the expectation of diverse stakeholders (Alfes et al., 2013). As a sustainable organization will able to meet its expectation of it stakeholders. It will able to generate long-term goals and benefits by making link between, environment, economics and social consideration of that organization. In order to build sustainable organization few thinks has to be kept in mind, i.e. the customer demand, capabilities of the competitors, the importance of strategy, the basic value of that particular organization, the importance of organizational culture, global trends and the creating a benchmark for that industry, short-term external actions. There should be a proper division of the group of employees, frontline employees, senior and executive leadership, and then comes the midlevel management and finall y frontline supervisors (Marler, Fisher, 2013). This division helps in categorizing the work and managing the employees accordingly. The gap in skills should not be there and hence it will detect the capability of the sustainability of that organization (Armstrong, Taylor, 2014). The HR is mainly kept to discipline an organization as discipline is the main part to keep an organization for a long term. The Human resource management is the link between the human, social components and business strategies of the firm. The HR role is a widespread program of consultation, meeting the goals of the company for the betterment of those particular organizations. The management team of the CEO is the architectures of the social structure and their main partner is the HR manager of the company (Messersmith, Wales, 2013). The management has to consult with the HR regarding any changes in the organization, as the HR decides whether the new change will be profitable for the organization or not. It has been proved that the HR has a very important responsibility in an organization. Conclusion The Human Resource Management is essential in order to allow the delivery of effective and efficient medical services and also to achieve patient satisfaction. According to the case study the first hospital faced a lot of challenges just because the lack of knowledge they had about HRM. The above report shows that the human resource management has an effective impact on the healthcare eminence. The role of human resource management is to achieve management goals of institution and to put more effort in order to develop the performance of the hospital nurses and staff through proper training to progress the value of healthcare service. The role of an HR is very crucial in every organization and without them any organization is backboneless. References Alfes, K., Truss, C., Soane, E. C., Rees, C., Gatenby, M. (2013). The relationship between line manager behavior, perceived HRM practices, and individual performance: Examining the mediating role of engagement.Human resource management,52(6), 839-859. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Baluch, A. M., Salge, T. O., Piening, E. P. (2013). Untangling the relationship between HRM and hospital performance: The mediating role of attitudinal and behavioural HR outcomes.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(16), 3038-3061. Cooke, F. L., Bartram, T. (2015). Guest editors introduction: human resource management in health care and elderly care: current challenges and toward a research agenda.Human Resource Management,54(5), 711-735. Hlsheger, U. R., Alberts, H. J., Feinholdt, A., Lang, J. W. (2013). Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(2), 310. Marler, J. H., Fisher, S. L. (2013). An evidence-based review of e-HRM and strategic human resource management.Human Resource Management Review,23(1), 18-36. Messersmith, J. G., Wales, W. J. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation and performance in young firms: The role of human resource management.International Small Business Journal,31(2), 115-136. Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., Wright, P. M., Steel, J., McGill, C., Dein, T. (2014).Human Resource Management in Practice: For Certificate IV BSB41013 and Diploma BSB50613. Renwick, D. W., Redman, T., Maguire, S. (2013). Green human resource management: A review and research agenda.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(1), 1-14. Sheehan, C., De Cieri, H., Greenwood, M., Van Buren, H. J. (2014). HR professional role tensions: Perceptions and responses of the top management team.Human Resource Management,53(1), 115-130. Townsend, K., Lawrence, S. A., Wilkinson, A. (2013). The role of hospitals' HRM in shaping clinical performance: a holistic approach.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(16), 3062-3085. Wagner III, J. A., Hollenbeck, J. R. (2014).Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge.

Legalization Of Marijuana Essays (1284 words) - Drug Control Law

Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana is the cause of much commotion and debating, as the question of legalization becomes more of an issue. Drugs are a major influential force in countries all over the world today. Legalization is an option that has not had a chance, but really should be given one. Although many people feel that legalizing marijuana would increase the amount of drug use, marijuana should be legalized because it will reduce the great amount of money spent on enforcement, and will therefore increase our countries revenue and lessen crime, and will also be useful in treating certain medical conditions. Marijuana, also known as pot, weed, bud, herb, ghanja, grass, wacky tabacci, funky bhudda, green, indo, mary jane, hemp, kif, bones, funny stuff, etc. is a substance obtained from the dried leaves and flowering tops of the pistillate hemp plant. It is technically known as cannabis sativa and is a tall, widely cultivated Asian herb of the mulberry family. There are many different ways of getting this drug into one's system. The most common method consists of rolling the finely chopped substance in thin papers to make marijuana cigarettes or joints. It is also smoked through a pipe or through a water filtration system known as a bong. Legalization is considered unnecessary by many people. They feel that it will increase the amount of drug use throughout the world. They state that in many cases, drug users who have quit, quit because of trouble with the law. Legalization would eliminate the legal forces that discourage the users from using or selling drugs. They also say that by making drugs legal, the people who have never tried drugs for fear of getting caught by the law, will have no reason to be afraid anymore and will become users (Snyder, 1988). Legalization will be profitable to global economies in two ways. It will allow for money spent on drug law enforcement to be spent more wisely and it will increase revenue. There have been escalating costs spent on the war against drugs and countless dollars spent on rehabilitation. Every year in the United States, ten billion dollars are spent on enforcing drug laws alone. Drug violators accounted for about forty percent of all criminals in federal prisons (Marijuana retains.., 1990, p.A-6). In 1989, a Republican county executive of Mercer County, N.J., estimated that it would costs approximately one billion dollars to build the jail space required to house all the drug users in Trenton alone(Talah, 1993, p. 1-7). All of this money could be spent on things of greater importance. Not only has the drug problem increased, but drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer worldwide. Some are born addicts (crack babies), while others develop addictions later in life. Drug violators are a major cause of extreme overcrowding in US prisons. In 1992, 59000 inmates were added to make a record setting 833600 inmates nationwide. A high percentage of these prisoners were serving time because of drug related incidents. Since 1982, there has been a 160 percent increase in inmate population. One can only imagine what that number is today. Most of this increase is attributed to drug violators, and sadly, this number will only continue to rise(Lorimer, 1993, p.214). 1991 was the most murderous year in the United States since 1972, and police estimated that forty percent of these homicides were drug related(Lorimer, 1993, p.215). Legalizing hemp and other drugs would deter future criminal acts, therefore slowly, but effectively lessening crime. Legalizing drugs would also increase countries revenue. During prohibition, alcohol use was still rampant. People were still drinking, only it was illegal. In the US, the 21st amendment annulled prohibition and alcohol taxes were increased. The same thing should be done with marijuana and other illegal drug today. The drugs should be heavily taxed to increase revenue. The drugs could be made by the same companies who make such things as aspirin, so the quality would be assured -- no poisons or adulterants. Sterile hypodermic needles could be readily available at drug stores, thus curbing the spread of diseases such as AIDS, and hepatitis. These could be taxed densely because the user will

Future Eugenics Essays

Future Eugenics Essays Future Eugenics Essay Future Eugenics Essay Future Eugenics The topic I choose to cover for the Future of Eugenics is Pre-lmplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD). PGD is and will be used in the future of Eugenics to create almost the fittest or perfect baby before they are even born. The structure of DNA was discovered in the 1950s, and since then several of genes has been identified as well as genetic disorders, which lead us to PGD. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis is a technique used to identify genetic defects in embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) before pregnancy (Dayal 1). The creation of PGD was developed first by Edwards and Gardner, who successfully performed the first known embryo on rabbit embryos in 1968 (Dayal 1). In Humans, PGD was developed in the United Kingdom in the mid 1980s as an alternative to current prenatal diagnoses (Dayal 1). PGD was first reported in 1990. Since then over 1 5,000 PGD cycles have been reported since 2006 and are available for most known genetic mutation, but the technique still remains fairly new (Dayal 1). PGD is recommended for couples that are at risk of transmitting a known genetic abnormality to their children. Only healthy and normal embryos are transferred into the mothers uterus, thus diminishing the risk of inheriting a genetic abnormality and late pregnancy termination (Dayal 2). Indications or primary candidates for PGD include chromosomal disorders, gender determination for severe X-Iinked diseases, severe monogenic diseases, recurrent pregnancy loss, advanced maternal age, couples with >3 IVF failures, epididymal or testicular sperm aspiration with >1 IVF failures (Law 4). PGD requires special skills to perform. However, the process starts with Ovarian Stimulation IVF, and then on day 3 there is blastomere biopsy. After that there is a genetic analysis, following the transfer of the unaffected embryo and then the outcome of the chromosomally normal baby (Law 6). There are many advantages and disadvantages when it comes to this technique, PGD. The benefits PGD are increased implantation rate, reduction in pregnancy losses, reduction in the chance of having a child with aneuploidy, and it reduces the possibility of having to choose to terminate the pregnancy following a diagnosis of a probably genetic disorder (Law 9). : Moreover, prenatal testing for genetic diseases is urrently performed through amniocentesis or chronic villus testing, when the fetus is aged 10-16 weeks (Dayal 5). If the examination discovers a genetically defective fetus, the only option the pregnant mother has is to have a child with a genetic disease or to undergo a pregnancy termination, which is an extremely difficult procedure, however PGD is performed before pregnancy and can avoid this decision (Dayal 5). PGD allows couples to have children free of their particular genetic disease, and to date there are no reports of increased fetal malformation rates or other dentifiable problems (Dayal 5). Conversely, there are more disadvantages to PGD. The risks or PGD include embryo damage, misdisgnosis, IVF risks, not achieving pregnancy, expense, and labor intensive (Law 10). PGD can only detect a specific genetic disease in an embryo. It cannot detect many genetic disorders at a time and cannot guarantee that the tetus will not nave an unrelated birth detect (Law Nonetheless, Pre-implantation Genetic Disorders arise controversies in Eugenics. Eugenic indication became especially significant once prenatal diagnosis technologies were refined (Bashford 546). PGD helps Eugenics reach a disease-free society, which is desirable for all. This assures Eugenicists in getting rid of the feebleminded or unfit population. Ruth Schwartz Cowan found the history of fetal sex identification through amniocente sis and its use by Danish researchers to sex- linked hemophilia in 1959 (Bashford 546). This new knowledge could be applied because of the preexisting eugenic indication for legal abortion: the Danish 1938 eugenic law permitted abortion if there was a risk that the child would be born with severe and non-curable abnormality of physical disease. Where eugenic abortion laws were not available, the imperative to terminate pregnancy, in light of the new diagnostic capacity, drove abortions legalization, as much as did womens arguments for reproductive choice (Bashford 546). This clearly states how well PGD is connected to eugenics in allowing women to choose the type of child they ideally want and to terminate the children born with genetic disorders. Conversely, PGD is seen as wrong to others because of religious points of view that life starts at conception. Able- bodied people tend to underestimate the quality of life of disabled people. The ajority do not wish that they had never been born, they and their families value their existence and contributions to society (The History of Eugenics and the New Eugenics, 22). In addition, PGD to some seems wrong because they believe society will become susceptible to new viral and bacterial infections. In conclusion, the future and legacy of eugenics lives on. PGD is Just one technique that is a future eugenic indication. The first intention of PGD was solely to be used to prevent genetic disorders. PGD holds great promise for the future as techniques and genetic tests are perfected, and it may become routine in the next ew 12). PGD is reliable procedure in preventing the birth of affected children (Law 13). PGD of aneuploidy is effective and results in a high take home baby rate when implemented in certain categories or patients and despite the efficiency of PGD technique, conventional prenatal diagnosis is still required by most PGD laboratories (Law 13). Today, PGD is currently used by some to pick the sex of the child and also offered is the chance to increase the odds for getting specific traits as in eye color, hair color, etc. As preimplantation sc reening for medical disorders at he embryonic level optimizes, its place in medicine and society will continue to generate controversy and ethical debate (Dayal 5). Overall, PGD has become a huge milestone in eugenics and assisted reproductive technology. Bashford, Alison, and Philippa Levine. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. Print. Dayal, Molina B. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis. N. p. , 4 Nov. 2013. Web. 28 Nov. 2013.. Law, Gad. New England Fertility Institute: Lifeline Cryogenics Print. The History of Eugenics and the New Eugenics :The ethics of BioTechnologY Print.

7 You Know What I Meant Mistakes

7 You Know What I Meant Mistakes 7 â€Å"You Know What I Meant† Mistakes 7 â€Å"You Know What I Meant† Mistakes By Mark Nichol One can often stumble through a sentence that isn’t quite right and then backtrack to make sense of it and then, reasonably confident of its meaning, slog out again and continue on one’s way. Or one can waltz right through a sentence and keep right on dancing. Which technique do you prefer your readers to follow? (Hint: What would you, as a reader, rather do?) Don’t let â€Å"You know what I meant† be your byword for stringing trains of words together avoid these almost-right constructions. (Links to related posts follow each example.) 1. â€Å"The agency acquired the parcel in 1931, but at that time in the heart of the Great Depression public acquisition of the adjacent property was not feasible even though it grove was offered at a bargain price.† A sentence is allowed one em dash, which sets off one part of the sentence from another with a sudden break to indicate an abrupt change in direction or a surprising statement, or a pair of em dashes to serve as a more emphatic replacement for two commas or a brace of parentheses. If you find yourself with three em dashes, convert a singleton to a comma or use parenthetical alternatives for the pair; two’s company, but three’s a crowd: â€Å"The agency acquired the parcel in 1931, but at that time in the heart of the Great Depression public acquisition of the adjacent property was not feasible, even though the grove was offered at a bargain price.† (em dashes). 2. â€Å"Those who opt for military service would only serve as military police, truck drivers or in homeland-security posts.† In a list of items, use one preposition to serve the entire list, or pair each item up with its own preposition; opting for something in between violates the requirement of parallel structure. My revision makes â€Å"military police or truck drivers† a single compound list item. Note, too, the inversion of only and serve (and the resulting change of meaning): â€Å"Those who opt for military service would serve only as military police or truck drivers or in homeland-security posts.† (parallel list structure in a sentence) 3. â€Å"The film is less concerned with naval warfare than close-ups of the star’s face.† The lack of a parallel marker in the sentence makes the reader stumble, as if one has reached the top of a stairway before one expects to. (The statement appears to mean that the film is less concerned with naval warfare than close-ups of the star’s face are concerned about naval warfare, and the sentence should end with are no, wait, that’s not what it means.) The insertion of a second with to more clearly identify the juxtaposed parallel phrases â€Å"naval warfare† and â€Å"close-ups of the star’s face† guides the reader’s steps: â€Å"The film is less concerned with naval warfare than with close-ups of the star’s face.† (parallel phrase structure within a sentence) 4. â€Å"As an entrepreneur, name recognition is important and the new name is more recognizable.† The implication of this sentence is that name recognition is an entrepreneur. However, the intent is to communicate that the writer is an entrepreneur and that for that reason, it is important that the name of the person’s business stand out. To express this idea effectively, the introductory clause requires a personal pronoun; I have also inserted a comma before the beginning of the final clause to set it off more distinctly: â€Å"Because I am an entrepreneur, name recognition is important, and the new name is more recognizable.† (dangling modifier) 5. â€Å"The agency cites strong evidence linking a cold virus to the mysterious SARS that has killed seventeen people worldwide.† This sentence implies that more than one mysterious SARS exists, and the one in question is responsible for seventeen deaths. However, the writer is referring to the one and only SARS, which is mysterious and which has killed seventeen people. That reading is effected by the simple insertion of a comma and the change of the restrictive that to the nonrestrictive which: â€Å"The agency cites strong evidence linking a cold virus to the mysterious SARS, which has killed seventeen people worldwide.† (restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses) 6. â€Å"It would be something analogous to a YMCA (which stands for ‘Young Men’s Christian Association’).† This sentence indicates that a YMCA a building stands in for a spelled-out name. It is the initials, however, that substitute for the full name: â€Å"It would be something analogous to a YMCA (the initials of which stand for ‘Young Men’s Christian Association’).† (mistaking a name for an entity) 7. â€Å"Smith himself could not do the job because he had angered many supporters through his support of the reservoir project.† As (not) punctuated, this sentence implies that Smith could do the job, but not for the reason stated; another (unstated) reason explains his suitability. But what the writer means is that Smith could not do the job, and the dependent clause (the one beginning with because) explains why. A comma inserted before the clause clarifies that this latter interpretation is correct: â€Å"Smith himself could not do the job, because he had angered many supporters through his support of the reservoir project.† Better yet, invert the clauses, but trade the pronoun in the dependent clause for the person’s name: â€Å"Because Smith had angered many supporters through his support of the reservoir project, he himself could not do the job.† (punctuating before a dependent clause) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your Story5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

Critically examine the use of special measures in criminal proceedings Essay

Critically examine the use of special measures in criminal proceedings for young people in England and Wales - Essay Example justice system as an offender, Justice Authorities must make sure they protect the young individuals from the harsh effects of the criminal justice system. The future of a young person and his welfare must be the most important features considered by the justice system while handling offenders. Punishment especially incarceration should to a larger extent be aimed at correcting the antisocial behaviours of the young offender rather than obtaining a measure of revenge for the person or community offended by the individual. In contrast, Children can become involved in the criminal justice delivery process as witnesses. Unlike offenders most of the underage individuals who witness crimes are innocent. The vulnerability of children makes is more important for justice authorities to make provisions for them where their evidence is important in getting criminals convicted. From the questioning by police investigators to the final appearance in the courtroom the process of giving evidence for crime can be hallowing for young witnesses. Additionally, criminals are known to threaten those who testify against them to instil fear in them or prevent them from presenting evidence that could condemn them. Over time the governments of England and Wales have developed policy that addresses the unique challenges involved in ensuring justice prevails for youth offenders and witnesses alike. Criminal justice for juvenile offenders has managed to put the consideration of the young offenders first. The education and young life of child offenders is not significantly affected by punishment. However, concern continues to mount that the adversarial criminal justice system continues to victimise juvenile witnesses and young victims of violent crime in the search of a defendant’s convictions or proof of innocence. This paper concentrates on the need to further protect child witnesses from the negative effects of involvement in a harsh adversarial justice system. This paper discusses