Midterm 1 Study Guide- incomplete Essay - 897 Words

Midterm Study Sheet The midterm will draw on the following major themes we have discussed so far during the course. As you study, please consider not only each individual theme, but also the ways in which these themes may be related to one another. Essay questions will be drawn from these themes, but may ask you to relate two or more of them within the same question. The best answers will synthesize thematic material we have discussed in lecture with specific details from both lecture and readings. Colonial Recreation and Leisure: How did changing Anglo-American attitudes about work, labor, and leisure in the 1600s and 1700s shape the recreational practices of colonial America? What does Nancy Struna mean by the â€Å"leisure†¦show more content†¦What roles did urbanization, industrialization, specialization, commercialization, and mass media play in these developments? Urbanization, Industrialization, and Social Change: Have some idea of the changes in transportation, communication, technology, and law that spurred the rise of an urbanized and industrialized capitalist economy in the Northeast and upper Midwest in the first decades of the 19th century. How did industrialization and the factory system change the location and nature of work? What were some differences between â€Å"pre-modern† and â€Å"modern† work culture? How did employers and reformers attempt to impose new kinds of social power over the workforce? How did these economic changes correlate with changes in political citizenship and public identity in the industrial city? In what ways did they begin to alter the lived nature of time and space? How did they change the relationship between work and leisure? Be prepared to think about the relationship between these economic, social, and political changes and the kinds of recreational behavior observed in prize fig hters, harness racers, and other self-defined sportsmen in the early nineteenth century. How did the emergence of an inexpensive popular press change the relationship between participants andShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Study Habits and Academic Performance of It Students4427 Words   |  18 PagesThe relationship between study habits and academic performance of IT students A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences amp; Communications Department Far Eastern University – East Asia College In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Subject ENGL303 Educational Research By: Buen, Nica Chrizza N.E. Cruz, Yves Justin C. Diocareza, Darwin Joseph V. Marquez, Samwell Kervy A. Masbate, Kristine Gay A. September 5, 2012 ABSTRACT ThisRead MoreGrading System Rationale6250 Words   |  25 PagesBottom of Form SCHOOL Thomas R. Guskey HIGHER EDUCATION Howard R. Pollio SCHOOL Few issues have created more controversy among educators than those associated with grading and reporting student learning. Despite the many debates and multitudes of studies, however, prescriptions for best practice remain elusive. 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Select one (1) project from the working or educational environment of your choice and specify the main work process (e.g., suppliers and customers involved, work flow, etc.) of the projectRead MoreEssay on Mat 510 Week 1 Mat510 Week 17062 Words   |  29 Pageshttp://workbank247.com/q/mat-510-complete-course-mat510-complete-course/20549 http://workbank247.com/q/mat-510-complete-course-mat510-complete-course/20549 MAT 510 Week 1 Discussion Business Improvement Please respond to the following: Note: Online students, please select one of the two subjects to discuss. Select one (1) project from the working or educational environment of your choice and specify the main work process (e.g., suppliers and customers involved, work flow, etc.) of the projectRead MoreProject Management Infomaton System48477 Words   |  194 Pagessave them†¦.Fighting poverty requires a global strategy to share knowledge systematically and energetically and to ensure that people who need that knowledge get it on time†. The World Bank Page 2 CARE DME-IS GUIDELINES Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................... 6 1.1 Preface ................................................................... 6 1.2 Guidelines Overview ................................................. 9 1.3 Objective

Confict - 1780 Words

Conflict Resolution Resolving Conflict Rationally and Effectively Resolve conflict effectively, with James Manktelow Amy Carlson. In many cases, conflict in the workplace just seems to be a fact of life. Weve all seen situations where different people with different goals and needs have come into conflict. And weve all seen the often-intense personal animosity that can result. The fact that conflict exists, however, is not necessarily a bad thing: As long as it is resolved effectively, it can lead to personal and professional growth. In many cases, effective conflict resolution can make the difference between positive and negative outcomes. The good news is that by resolving conflict successfully, you can solve many of the†¦show more content†¦This person is not assertive but is highly cooperative. Accommodation is appropriate when the issues matter more to the other party, when peace is more valuable than winning, or when you want to be in a position to collect on this favor you gave. However people may not return favors, and overall this approach is unlikely to give the best outcomes. Avoiding: People tending towards this style seek to evade the conflict entirely. This style is typified by delegating controversial decisions, accepting default decisions, and not wanting to hurt anyones feelings. It can be appropriate when victory is impossible, when the controversy is trivial, or when someone else is in a better position to solve the problem. However in many situations this is a weak and ineffective approach to take. Once you understand the different styles, you can use them to think about the most appropriate approach (or mixture of approaches) for the situation youre in. You can also think about your own instinctive approach, and learn how you need to change this if necessary. Ideally you can adopt an approach that meets the situation, resolves the problem, respects peoples legitimate interests, and mends damaged working relationships. Understanding The Theory: The Interest-Based Relational Approach The second theory is commonly referred to as the Interest-Based RelationalShow MoreRelatedWhat is Confict Transformation 890 Words   |  4 Pages Conflict transformation explains that rather then getting rid of the conflict (expression or disagreement), it seeks to work at the problem from the inside out (Lederach, 1995). In this conflict stated above the root of the conflict was when the customer did not retain her information and software due to the suggestion given of performing a factory reset her computer. This problem could have been resolved when the customer first came in the store and inquired about this issue. The sale representativeRead More Causes Of The Cold War Essay608 Words   |  3 Pagesthe other side. Western Europe and the United States formed NATO,a military pact. The Soviet Union created a similar pact,the Warsaw Pact, between the states within the Soviet Union. These military coalitions put a greater threat behind the growing conficts by involving more coun tries. These military alliances were supplemented by two edicts set by the Soviet Union and the United States. The United States issued the Truman Doctrine, which stated that they would support those countries resisting communismRead MoreServing In Florida By Barbara Ehrenreich Summary848 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation because it is setting the tone of the story; serious. However, in paragraphs 16-18, Ehrenreich had kept talking about the conflict between the workers. Ehrenreich had focused a lot on how everyone of her coworkers was unhappy. Focusing on the confict so much shows how stressful everything must be and puts the reader in the authors shoes. Lastly, towards the end of the article, she had focused briefly on the information about what she does have and what is good about this job and her life. FocusingRead MoreConflict Between Interpersonal, Intra Groups And Intra Group Levels1503 Words   |  7 Pagesthe conflict as its reaction as dominating the conflict. This also c ould be apply when the personality differences affect its conflict environment. Friedman et al. (2000) state that employees which apply intregrating approaches might create less confict environment rather than employees which are dominating or avoiding in the disputes might create more conflict environment. In another studies, Chen and Ayoko as summarised in Posthuma (2012, p. 5) found that â€Å"enthusiasm is positively associated withRead MoreInternal Conflict : A Blessing And Curse For Any Organisation1249 Words   |  5 Pagesrectifying itself through conflict will allow an organisation to halt further engagement, gaining strides in attaining a sustainable future. Organisational competition, when implemented correctly, can yield beneficial results for the business. Internal confict does not always have to initiate from malicious behavior, conflict that is purposely placed to push employees by providing incentives, should allow for increase productivity. When there are competitions between employees that provide an incentiveRead MoreHistory : The Ancient World1121 Words   |  5 Pages Byzantine Empire, or Roman Empire(dictionary.com).† At the center, an empire is the domination of one state by another. The earliest city-states tried to grow stronger by taking over their neighbors land and people. This can be seen between the confict with Athens and Sparta. Greece was dominated by two powers during the 5th century: Athens and Sparta. They could be described as the democratic Athens and the military oligarchy of Sparta. However, these city states were different in many aspectsRead MoreEssay about Social Class1016 Words   |  5 PagesSociology, Edinburg Gate, Pearson Education Limited. Grusky, D. (2003).Social Stratification: Class, Race and Gender in Sociological Perspective : London,West view Press. Helaey, J. (2006). Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class: The Sociology of Group Confict and Change; New York, Pine Forge Press. Wharton, A. (2011).The Sociology of Gender: An Introduction to Theory and Research, New York, Read MoreEssay Interpersonal Comm. Good Will Hunting1184 Words   |  5 Pagesburden as it was a gift. Initially seeing the film I enjoyed it but viewing the film in the scope of all that I have learned in this course made the viewing experience much more meaningful, as I now had a deeper understanding of Wills internal conficts, and how they directly effected his relationships, beliefs, and actions. The film is an excellent example of the issues involving interpersonal communication and how they play a part in either making or breaking our relationships. Identity perceptionRead MoreRoles And Responsibilities Of A Team Leader1666 Words   |  7 Pagesimplemented effectively without friction. This kind of leadership is highly recommended for emergency situations, as tasks can be executed in quick time with little to no errors. This is due to only one person being in command so there cannot be any conficts, as again, the leaders word is final. However, having only one leader can result in unilateral communication from top to bottom making employees ignorant and unaware of the matters. One final problem with an autocratic leader is that he/she canRead MorePresentation of Conflict in Hard Times1343 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss the presentation of confict in the texts that you have studied In â€Å"Hard Times† by Charles Dickens, conflict is presented as the outcome of industrialisation, material prosperity and a strict utilitarian way of life. In the 1850’s when the novel was written in instalments in ‘Household Words’, Victorian England was in the age of reform, which was creating new tensions between social classes, and creating a new type of ‘master’ represented by characters such as Mr. Gradgrind and more particularly

Security Management Models for Information Systems Essay

Background Security management within the context of information systems â€Å"needs a paradigm shift in order to successfully protect information assets† (Eloff Eloff, 2003). Due the rapid increase in information security threats, security management measures have been taken to proactively remedy the growing threat facing information security. As a result of this, security management â€Å"is becoming more complex everyday, many organization’s security systems are failing, with serious results† (Fumey-Nassah, 2007). To remedy the increase threats to information security systems, organizations are seeking alternatives to network vulnerabilities from malicious attacks. There are several management measures that organizations must take to fully†¦show more content†¦In ERP systems, security management is critical because an organization must be concerned with â€Å"establishing and maintaining a secure information environment† (Eloff Eloff, 2003). Access co ntrols measures must also be considered when granting access and controls to users of an organization. Furthermore, the restriction of information negates penetration of network vulnerabilities to the access of information assets. When considering a security management approach, organizations must not fail to consider the systematic structure that enables the full functionality of information systems. Essentially, the â€Å"domain of information security management is no longer exclusively of a managerial nature, technical aspects also need to be considered on management level. Information security management can be approached from various perspectives† (Eloff Eloff, 2003). The strategic approaches that an organization decides to pursue will be influenced by the foundational approaches discussed which affect the management, operational and the technical aspects of information systems. There are issues pertaining to technical security, policies, and issues that pertain to management. Furthermore, organizational culture and organization awareness must also be considered when making security management decisions There are severalShow MoreRelatedWeaknesses Of Choicepoint Information Security Management Practices1431 Words   |  6 Pages Question 1. What weaknesses in ChoicePoint Information Security Management practices likely contributed to their data breach? Please explain how they contributed and what Choice Point could do to strengthen these areas. In the ChoicePoint case study, By the end of 2004, ChoicePoint was running a business in the personal data industry with almost $920 million annual revenues. Beside Acxiom and Lexis-Nexis, ChoicePoint was either first or second in that industry. 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(Points : 5) Preventive, detective, and responsive Prohibitive, permissive, and mandatory Administrative, technical, and physical Management, technical, and operational Roles, responsibilities, and exemptions Question 2.2. (TCO 2) The _____ of the 17 NIST control _____ can be placed into the 10 IISSCC _____ comprising the common body of knowledge for information security. (Points : 5) technologiesRead MoreQuestions On Information Security System1271 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 1: What is information security? Answer: Information Security is the practice of defending (guiding) information by considering the CIA Triad Principles which are Confidentiality (Authorize access), Integrity (Accuracy and Completeness) and Availability. Question 2: How is the CNSS model of information security organized? Answer: The Committee on National Security System (CNSS) is organize by considering the secure system attributes known as CIA triangle which extend the relationship amongRead MoreAssessment of Risk Management and Control Effectiveness at Cincom Systems1581 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment of Risk Management and Control Effectiveness at Cincom Systems Introduction Based on the Information Asset Inventory and Analysis completed for Cincom Systems the next phase of improving their enterprise security management strategy is to concentrate on assessments of risk management and control effectiveness. This specific study evaluates the effectiveness of the security technologies and methodologies in place at Cincom, also determining uncertainty and calculating the risk of the

Othello Othello Is A General In The Army Of Venice. He Is A Moor, A D Essay Example For Students

Othello: Othello Is A General In The Army Of Venice. He Is A Moor, A D Essay ark-skinned man born in Africa, and has risen through the ranks of the Venetian army through hard work and success in battle. He is a respected general, but less respected as a person, because of his dark skin and foreign roots. He is an honest man, and believes that people are honest. This makes him naive in many ways. Othello is a passionate man, and deeply loves DesdemonaDesdemona: Desdemona is loyal, faithful, and passionately loves Othello. She is shrewd and wise, but is very subtle about it. Iago: Iago is Othellos sword-bearer. He has been passed over for the position of Lieutenant, and this draws out his evil nature. He feels that he has been wronged and cannot accept the position that Othello gives him. Iago is only concerned about himself and his position, and will sacrifice anyone to save himself and his interests. Act IIt is night. Tush and Sblood open the play. Though both Roderigo and Iago display a vulgarity oflanguage, Roderigo makes his mark as a gentleman against the coarse soldier speech of Iago. Whilstone of the curled darlings of the nation, he is certainly not darling to Brabantio nor to Desdemonawhom he seeks. Iago reveals such a hatred of Othello shared not even by Brabantio. Roderigo may doubt it but it is oneof the truest emotions Iago expresses in the play. In his first speech, one motive for his hatred may befound. Othello has chosen Michael Cassio to be his lieutenant instead of Iago and Iago has nothing butscorn for them both: Othello he describes as loving his own pride and purposes and horribly stuffedwith epithets of war (1.1.11-13). As we will learn, there is some truth in these judgements. Iago thinkshimself more suitable for the post than Cassio who he derides as a great arithmeticianthat never seta squadron in the field / nor the division of battle know / more than a spinster (1.1.18-23). He is notbookish like Cassio. He has practical experience of soldiering. Of him, Othellos eyes had seen proof the same ocular proof that he demands from Iago of Desdemonas infidelity at Rhodes, at Cyprus andon other grounds, Christian and heathen (1.1.27-29). Iago is referred to often throughout the play as my Ancient. The contrast has bitterness in it wheneverhe replies to Othello as my Lord or Cassio as Lieutenant. In Iagos speech on masters and servants(I.1.40ff), his true concept of his position is revealed and with it the philosophy underlying his malice ifsuch a thing exists: I follow him to serve my turn upon him. / We cannot all be masters, nor all masterscan be truly followedIn following him, I follow but myself (1.1.41-43, 57). He derides those who dotingon his own obsequious bondage / wears out his time much like his masters ass (1.1.45-46) andpraises those who keep yet their hearts attending on themselves / and, throwing but shows of serviceon their lordsdo themselves homage (1.1.50-53). These men have some soul, he professes. Hiscreed worships but himself, and his words suggest contempt for the souls who hold honesty and honourdear. I am not what I am, he concludes, yet Roderigo still trusts him, as do Cassio, Desdemona andOt hello. That is Iago, honest Iago, ancient to them all but master at the same time. The first task Iago sets is to wake Brabantio and inform him that his daughter has eloped with Othello. This custom (called charivari) was not uncommon in a situation where one party disapproved of a match. .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1 , .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1 .postImageUrl , .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1 , .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1:hover , .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1:visited , .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1:active { border:0!important; } .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1:active , .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1 .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u63fa6a50a297b379125f38aa5e087dc1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: AliceS Adventures In Wonderland And The Island Of Dr. Moreau EssayIago incites Roderigo to yell as when by night and negligence the fire / is spied in populous cities. This practical image serves well the simple mind of Roderigo and such imagery is employed to similareffect to incite Brabantio: Even now, very now, now, an old black ram / is tupping your white ewe (1.1.87-88). If anything is to Arise, arise / the snorting citizens, it is language such as this. Brabantios firstimpression of this as malicious braveryto start my quiet is all too accurate. Iago declares that youhave lost half your soulyour daughter covered by a Barbary horsenow making the beast with twobacks. Iago, as throughout the play is creating an image ? a very obscene image ? to provoke Brabantio. He succeeds: Brabantio arises, stunned by the darkness around him and calls for Light! I say, light! Iago makes his exit so as to be seen doing Othello shows of service when Roderigo arrives in thecompany of Brabantio and his followers. It is important that, up to this point, the audience has only thevivid image of Othello as the savage tupper that Iago has painted. Othellos first words Keep up yourbright swords, for the dew will rust them are noble and authoritative, the same voice which spoke of the battle, sieges, fortunes / that I have passedof moving accidents by flood and field / Of hair-breadth scapes ithimminent deadly breach, the voice of a man that fetched his life and being frommen of royal siege. It was this voice and no spells and medicines bought of mountebanks to whichDesdemona had seriously inclined and come again with a greedy ear. The picture that Othello paintsof himself is a powerful antidote to that which Iago paints in the first scene, and yet there is unquestio nablyOthello is black. Desdemona is white. Imagery, needless to say, is very important in Othello. The audiencefirst sees Othello, not in the flesh, but in the imagination. We are presented with a powerful image createdby Iago: of a creature untamed an uncivilised, driven only by base instinct. The man that appears onstage in the second scene is no such creature. His speech to the senate paints a very different picture. It is not one of your average Venetian. It is exotic and strange but it is presented with eloquence anda noble authority that outstrips the civilised company that is present. At the end, Othello reverts to therhetoric that he used in front of the senate. Again, the imagery is most powerful. He talks of pearls,of Arabian trees. The same sort imagery that he used to woo Desdemona, he uses to conclude thetragedy. Iagos use of imagery is the basis for his power. At the outset, he deceives the audience with the imagehe paints of Othello. He uses simple images, of fires in populous cities, of gardens and gardeners, forthe simple-minded Roderigo. His deception of Othello needs to be very much more subtle. Here too,though, his tool is imagery. The proof that he presents is imaginary. Othellos passion is aroused bythe images that Iagos words conjure up ? of Cassio and Desdemona lying together. The handkerchiefbecomes a symbol for this imaginary infidelity. Othello sees Desdemona, white-skinned and beautiful,the very image of purity and is torn apart by the images that have poisoned his mind. Bibliography

Present Continuous free essay sample

Anticipated Problems: sts may not want to go to the front to show their emails. Sts may not remember how to produce sentences in the Present Continuous. Possible Solutions: Tch lets sts read their emails from their desks. Tch makes a quick revision of the Present Continuous. Materials Equipment: Pictures, handouts, whiteboard, markers. Stage/ Timing| Procedure| Interaction Pattern| Stage Objective| Introduction5 minutes| -Tch asks sts what they have learnt the previous lesson. Tch writes clues on the WB and shows sts picture. Then she asks sts to guess which will be the theme of the lesson. | Teacher– StudentsStudent- Teacher| To elicit information from sts. To make sts guess the topic of the lesson. | Pre- reading7 minutes| -Tch sticks on the WB parts of an email and asks sts to guess the correct order. -Tch checks activity orally. | Teacher- student Student- teacher| To show and make sts guess the correct layout of an email. We will write a custom essay sample on Present Continuous or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page | Reading(pre writing)13 minutes| -Tch hands in copies f the email and asks sts to copy and answer questions about it. (E. g: Who is the writer of the email? What is the email about? Who is the email to? , etc)-Tch checks activity on the WB. | Teacher- studentStudent- student| To this type of writing. | Writing15 minutes| Tch asks sts to make groups of three or four sts, she hands in different scenes of â€Å"The Simpsons† and asks sts to write a similar email. -Tch asks the different groups to read their emails aloud. Teacher- studentStudent- student| To practice sts’writing skill. | Closure5 minutes| -Tch asks sts what they have learnt and if they have enjoyed the lesson. -Tch hands in a self- evaluation. | Teacher- studentsStudent- teacher| To encourage sts to give their opinions orally. | Extra activity10 minutes| -Tch asks sts to exchange their emails and try to write an email answering it. | Student- teacherTeacher- student| To provide the sts with further pract ice. |

Essay Sample on Divorce and Marriage

Essay Sample on Divorce and Marriage Marriage is a social institution recognized by custom and law. It is a relation that exists between one or more men to one or more women. Custom or law gives recognitions of the duties and rights of the parties involved in such an institution. The union may result to children being born in it. In general, the societal expectation is one where there is sexual gratification between a husband and wife. There are legal issues that may arise as a result of adultery, which may force one partner to dissolve the marriage. This relation is at some point regarded as an economic institution in which a husband is fully responsible for the needs of the wife and children. With the current women empowerment in the society they are also able to provide for their families. A father has a general control and power over his family but for the children his powers are for a limited time. This comes as a result of the need for children to practice decision making and show responsibility especially at adul thood. Marriage is in accordance to the laid down custom or law and the consent of each parties involved must be considered. Parents for example may ask for a bride price and after this is settled a marriage takes place. These are important steps especially where the conditions stipulated by custom or by law are complied with. The origin of marriage is seen to be a habitual practice from the medieval period. A man and woman would live together, have sexual relations and from this union children would come forth. The father would play their role as a protector and supporter of his family while his wife nurses and cares for the family. As time passed it was accepted by custom and by law and it became legal social institution. Marriage is therefore seen to be an intimate relationship which the society, the government and religion recognizes. Marriage has many forms but the major one constitutes a man and a woman. Marriage is the basis of a family unit in which procreation takes place. Through a marriage setup children can grown, be protected and shown love through provision of food, shelter, clothing, education among others. There are a variety of intentions that one has in mind while planning to enter into marriage. Some of the major reasons may include need for legal stability, social and/or economic stability. Through marriage, there is a provider, protector and the union is legally bound. Marriage can be witnessed in a wedding celebration and this marks the beginning of individual obligation to each other and to the society at large. There have been changes in the understanding and approach of marriage from the older days. In the United States marriage for example was a consideration of status as well as an oversight on the future economic stability and prosperity of the person. It was therefore an economic arrangement in which one would choose their potential spouse and so they would plan to marry. Marriage ceremonies between same sexes were done in the 5th-14th centuries by the Roman Catholic Church. Many issues about marriage caught the interest of many leaders and Pope Alexander II in 1975, prohibited marriages between couples who were closely related and especially with no more than 6 cousins related to a person. In the 16th century, only with the permission of local political authorities, servants and day laborers would be free to marry in Bavaria and Austria. In1921 this order was fully abolished. Public wife selling was witnessed in the 1960s-1870s where a divorced wife was tied with a rope around her neck and sold in public. Until 1686, marriage was rather a civil ceremony for the puritans in Massachusetts Bay. In the British colonies, there was no penalty given for interracial marriages until 1662 when Virginia doubled fornication fines for interracial couples. Maryland banned interracial marriages in 1664 and subsequently, in 1750 interracial marriages had been outlawed in all southern colonies. Married women, until mid 19th century, had no legal standing under the English common law in all American states. It was until 1848 that women had the right to own property while married, through the Married Women Act. At the age of 10 years, consent for sexual intercourse was allowed in most American states while in Delaware it was at the age of 7 years only. With parental consent young boys of 14 and girls of 12 would marry, as late as 1930. In 1940, married women could not make legal contract in twelve states. Anti-Miscegenation laws were declared unconstitutional in Virginia and other states such as Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas among others. Fourteen states had in the fifteen years prior to the decision, repealed their anti miscegenation laws. This included Arizona, Colorado, Maryland, Nevada, and Oregon among others. Ten states had by 1990, outlawed rape in marriage. This was after New York outlawed rape in marriage in 1978. Rape in marriage was seen as a crime in thirty-six states and this was only in certain circumstances. It was surprising that in four states, rape in marriage was never a crime. Marriage has had lots of controversies but the initial union in the religious world was the social union that benefited the society. It is seen as the union of one man and one woman blessed and united by a religious leader as seen in Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhists and Hindu. The privileges enjoyed in marriages are of benefit while particular concerns were raised on homosexual couples. The commitment of traditional couples which constituted a man and woman could be seen as that of same-sex couples and so they have continued to fight for their rights and the legalization of their marriage. The sacred value of marriage should not be changed despite the fact that advocates are aggressive on the issue that it should be redefined to suit gay marriage. When the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court made a ruling in 2004, and said that civil union was not enough, this raised national debate. A number of people wanted the definition of one man-to- one woman to stand and others wanted it to separate same-sex institutions, with others against it. In 2004, California and New York mayors were authorizing same sex marriages while defying law and these marriages were said not to be legally binding. (Nancy 2001) In 1619, Virginia enacted a law in which if a bond married a Negro, Mulatto or Indian, they would be banished in the woods so that they are cast out of the colony. Later on, in 1724, there was introduction Louisiana after the slaves were freed. Laws that were known as black codes were used to control and even forbid marriages constituted by slaves while the slave master was not consented. In 1769, the English common law showed that husband and wife were one. A constitution was written in 1787 and was adopted the following year. It was effective in 1789 and replaced the articles of federation, which was the government document of the USA. It remains to be the basic law of central government. In 1839, Mississippi granted the women a right to hold, with their respective husband’s permission, property in their own name. This saw many states legalizing this grant to women so that they would have control over property and earnings. This was in 1900. In the Missouri vs. Celia case of 1855, the case was used to show that enslaved women had no right or legal recourse if they were raped by their masters. This meant that black women had no right to defend themselves after an act of rape by the master. When the Mississippi black code was passed, it was an attempt to control slaves and ensure social inequality. This prohibited blacks, in 1865, from marrying whites and in this case, it was punishable as was seen through life imprisonment. More was to come and in the United States, an immigration act of 1917 banned immigration of Asians and those with abnormal sexual instincts and until 1990, lesbians and gay immigrants were excluded from coming into the United States. (Nancy 2001) In a case of New York v. Sanger, doctors would advice married couples on use of birth control pills for health purposes. The law was still enforced but was overturned in 1965 on all state laws that prohibited the use of contraceptives. In 1948, in Perez v Sharp case, there was a ban on interracial marriage in the California Supreme Court. This was the first state high court to declare it unconstitutional but later on in 1967; the U.S Supreme Court declared that there was freedom to marry allowing for interracial marriages on all Americans. This was evidenced in the case of Loving v. Virginia. The immigration act in 1965 admitted different races and nationalities and emphasized on family reunification with great concern. The act defined a family to be strictly on hetero sexual and nuclear ties and banned on lesbian and gay deviates. In 1969, California adopted a divorce law that allowed divorce by mutual consent and especially where one party simply wants it. The major challenge in this was that one party can refuse to sign the separation agreement. In 1981, there was an over turn of events when the states laws described a husband as a head and master and having control of property which is jointly owned with his wife. (Nancy 2001) . Articles were published and they advocated for legalization of same-sex couples and this was especially because these authors were gay and wanted to pursue their demand. In 1990, the congress repealed ban on gay and lesbian immigration. Homosexuals were disqualified as foreigners and were not allowed to come in to the United States. It was in 1993 that Hawaii Supreme Court said that the ban on same-sex couples from marrying must be justified and in 1998, it was amended to allow strict marriage to men and women only .In 1994, gays and lesbians sought to be part of the humanitarian law as a social group rather than an immigration group. A Person Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act explicitly promoted marriage and formation of heterosexual families. The federal law supported two parent families and in the same year, 1996, the Defense of Marriage Act defined marriage as exclusively between one man and a woman. It was evident that this act did not recognize same sex marriage at all. In 1998, there was a covenant marriage legislation in which couples promised to stay together for life and that they would denounce the no-default divorce. In the same year, May 1998, Alaska ruled that it was a fundamental right to choose a marital partner. The following year, the Vermont Supreme Court allowed for same-sex marriage to occur and that they have all rights and benefits of marriage but no marriage licenses. A governor in Oklahoma in March 2000 announced a $10 million plan that encouraged marriage than divorce and in 2001 gay and lesbian couples in Massachusetts filed law suits seeking a right to marry. This followed with other New Jersey lesbian and gay couples suing the state court for denial of their right to marry. In 2003, the US Supreme Court struck down the remaining anti-gay sodomy laws which were in Texas and in other states. In 2003-2004, the Federal Marriage Amendment was proposed but was defeated in congress. The amendment ought to have denied marriage rights to same-sex couples by indicating that marriage would only exist between a man and a woman.

BP Global Oil Spill in Gulf of Mexico & Its Affect on Local Businesses Research Paper

BP Global Oil Spill in Gulf of Mexico & Its Affect on Local Businesses - Research Paper Example Gulf of Mexico has been a home for as many as 36 Marine Protected Areas (MPA) accounting for 13 % of total MPAs throughout the nation in addition to the MPAs of the bordering States of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas waters totaling 75 not included in the national mainstream MPAs. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and Flower Garden Sanctuary have been threatened by the oil spill which could implicate British Petroleum under National Marine Sanctuaries Act. The coral reefs have also been damaged by the oil haze extending for about 22 miles from the Deepwater Horizon site. The Act makes it liable for damaging any living or nonliving resource of national marine sanctuary affecting its conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, educational, cultural, scientific or aesthetic value. The Act provides for imposition of civil penalties as high as $ 100,000 on any person and each day of violation constituting a separate violation. Apart from civil penalties, re sponse costs, damages due to destruction, loss or injury plus interest are leviable under the Act. There are also other Acts such as federal Endangered Species Act, Marine Mammal Protection Act which can make BP liable for deaths of dolphins and sea turtles as a result.1 Background The above said blowout occurred at the BP’s Macondo well in the Gulf of Mexico resulting in the deaths of 11 workers who were on Transocean’s Deepwater Horizon Drilling rig. An estimated 4.9 million barrels of oil were spilled in the process. The wellhead was 1,500 m down below the sea water. The United States declared a moratorium on deepwater drilling until October 12, 2010. It is widely believed that the blowout could have been prevented but for the poor quality of equipment meant to prevent blowout.2 Known as the last-line of defense, the blind shear ram on the blowout preventer fixed on well head on the ocean floor would have crushed the drill pipe thus preventing a blowout. The blind s hear ram is believed to have failed for want of checks as simple as verifying whether the batteries had been sufficiently charged. BP’s investigation team is reported to have held that the well had been poorly designed. Offshore Pollution Liability Association (OPOL) where membership is voluntary provides for only a maximum liability of $ 250,000which is insufficient given the magnitude of loss resulting from the Gulf of Mexico incident. Although OPOL membership is a pre-condition for drilling license, there is no rationale for a voluntary membership. This is apt to weaken the legal control of the polluters who would claim that damages to biodiversity and ecosystem are indirect and therefore no compensation is payable.3 Marine oil spills are not unavoidable accidents. Adverse environmental conditions or any catastrophic events cannot be attributed to oil spills.4 The offshore drilling unit at the Deep Water Horizon was worth$365 million capable of operating in deep waters as low as 8000 feet and drill further down up to 30,000 feet. The drilling unit had been engaged in drilling an exploratory well 41 miles off the coast of Louisiana at the time of accident. The well from which oil spill started on April 20, 2010 was finally capped on July 15, 2010. The total damages to the company, environment and the coastal economy have been placed at $ 36.9 billion. Apart from human error and equipment failure, the U.S. Government’s failure to respond with damage control measure, media